In the twenty-fourth year of Emperor Qianlong (1759), the leveling battle of one of the most proud "Ten Quan martial arts" of the Emperor Qianlong won, and Xinjiang, which produced He Meimei, officially fell under the direct jurisdiction of the Qing government, and opened up Hetian in one fell swoop. Jade's internal transport channel. Since then, Hetian Gongyu has been continuously transported to Beijing. In the thirty-five years from the 25th to the 60th year of Emperor Qianlong (1760-1795), the palace jade was used as the leader, which led to the rapid development of the cities of Suzhou, Yangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing and Beijing.
“Hetian jade and Qianlong workers†have surpassed any dynasty in terms of scale, output, variety and craftsmanship, creating an unprecedented peak. Therefore, it can be said that Emperor Qianlong is the most successful trader in Hetian jade history.
Studying ancient times: things must be studied in person
Emperor Qianlong’s nine-year-old teacher studied from the Hanlin Academy, and then from the Zhuang Prince Wang Yunlu’s iron cannon, with Baylor’s permission to practice bowing. After five years of marriage (1727), he was also educated by Zhang Tingyu. , Zhu Xi, Jiang Tingxi and other famous Confucian guidance, Yongzheng was the prince of Feng Bao in the eleventh year, participated in the northwest military aircraft, until the thirteenth of September, the throne, almost every day is busy.
The royal secret file records the daily life of Qianlong. More than an hour before dawn, Qianlong had already got up, and after the simple meal, it was brightened, and it began to deal with the tedious political affairs, which took a morning. After two o'clock in the afternoon, it is a fixed study time, one of which is to write poetry, and the other is to play and enjoy the famous paintings and calligraphy of various dynasties hanging in various halls. His interest in ancient jade is not diminished by paintings and calligraphy, bronzes, in the works of his forty-three, 630 masterpieces, including more than eight hundred pieces of articles on the jade, record He described the description of the ancient jade, and praised the jade.
Quite a rare thing is that in the study of ancient jade, in addition to his own careful observation and discovery, the Emperor Qianlong can not be ashamed to ask and improve himself. Once, three jade cups were found in the palace. When Emperor Qianlong first saw it as a Chinese object, he later saw that the flaw could not be determined. What is unexpected is that he even condescended to ask Suzhou craftsman Yao Zongren, Yao admitted this. It is the work of his ancestors, telling his ancestors about the jade, the imitation of the time, and the one-of-a-kind style of his own stunts, all of which were originally spoken locally. Qianlong’s interest is very high, and I feel that these will have better revelation for future generations. Carefully recorded it.
Today, three pieces of cultural relics such as Baiyu Shuangying Ear Cup are preserved in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and the original records of the Qianlong Emperor’s fake relics were attached.
Channel integration: ruling territory control jade road
The main raw material for the treatment of jade in ancient China was Hetian jade, especially in the Xinjiang Heyi and Yarkant areas. In the 22nd year of Qianlong, the Qing army completely conquered the ministry, and released the leader of the southern Xinjiang back (Uygur) and the Zhuomu brothers who were arrested by the Ministry of Justice in Yili, and ordered them to lead their own departments. However, the Ministry of Rebellion later rebelled, and once again sent troops to the west, it was only settled in the twenty-four years of Qianlong. The Qing court collectively referred to the northern and southern parts of the Tianshan Mountains as Xinjiang and was stationed in the minister. This is after the Emperor Wu of Han and Emperor Taizong, once again placed the Western Region under the control of the central government.
After Xinjiang was included in the territory, it not only achieved a huge expansion of the ruling territory, but also meant that the jade timber shortage that lasted for more than three hundred years from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty ended!
Emperor Qianlong established a special jade mining system in Xinjiang. It is strictly forbidden for local merchants to collect and sell jade privately. Every autumn, Ye Erqi’s ministers must report the mining situation to the court and tribute jade. Officials from the jade-producing areas made a tribute to the imperial jade in the spring and autumn, with an average of more than 4,000 per year. From the 25th year of Emperor Qianlong to the 17th year of Jiaqing, the jade raw materials that only tribute were as much as more than 200,000 jin, thus solving the problem of raw materials that hindered the development of jade for a long time.
Transformation mode: advocating the teacher's ancient painting
Emperor Qianlong paid great attention to the manufacture of palace jade articles, and personally asked about the composition of the staff of the office, the selection of craftsmen and the technical situation. Important artifacts, he also examined the drafts, wood type, wax samples, and the final decoration, furnishings, etc., personally instructed.
The top is good, the next will be popular. The jade carving jade became a fashion in the Qianlong period. The jade became a popular item of tribute, and it became a mainstream of the literati's play and collection.
Emperor Qianlong attaches great importance to the significance of the boutique strategy. In order to create a boutique that has been passed down from generation to generation, he transferred the Jiangnan jade master to the Ruyi Museum in the palace, and asked the court painter to draw a pattern and make jade articles day and night.
Therefore, the jade was not only well worked, but also artistic. Finally, it is polished. The polishing at that time was very particular. From the coarse sand to the fine sand, to the use of wheat bran in the bag, the jade was pulled out a little by hand. This is very laborious, but it can brighten the jade inside. , thus showing the lubricity of jade. The characteristics of “Qianlongong†are that the materials and production are not cost-effective, and the craftsmanship is perfect and perfect.
Innovative mechanism: the introduction of the trace of Stan
The development of Chinese jade articles to the early years of the Qing Dynasty has been self-sufficient and rarely new. In the middle of the Qianlong period, the exotic traces of the Stan jade were introduced into the Qing court. Because it was "thin as thin as paper" in the workmanship, the ornamentation was as fine as the hair, the miller was also fine, and the table was round and smooth. "Hand", called the "ghost work", has a huge impact on Chinese traditional jade.
Its appearance caused the Emperor Qianlong to attach great importance to and respect, and decreed to search for the "trace", and ordered the palace of the Yangxin Palace to set up a jade of the imitation of the sacred jade, taking its shape, pattern, The carcass is thin and delicate, and it is re-created with its technique and style inspiration to create imitations that meet the needs of Chinese society and bear the imprint of Chinese culture. The history of such artifacts is called “Xi Fan Zuoâ€.
Brilliant achievements: "Yuguan Kiln"
During the Qianlong period, the production and crafts of jade articles were very developed. From the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), the jade was ubiquitous in the Forbidden City. Among the works of various palaces, jade articles accounted for 80%. the above. Qianlong collects his favorite precious jade articles in Duobaozizizi (see the picture below). There are several drawers. Each jade in the drawer has its own special small lattice, and the lattice shape is completely consistent with the jade.
During this period, the jade carving industry was unprecedentedly prosperous, and Hetian jade became the master of the art at that time and the national heavy weapon. The origin of jade articles has also been expanded, mainly including the Ruyi Pavilion of the court, the establishment of Yangxin Temple, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Hangzhou, Jiangning, Huaiguan, Changlu, Jiujiang and Fengyang. Jade smiths are widely distributed. In addition to the above-mentioned jade workers, there are also Xinjiang Uygur jade workers, jade jade, Nanyang jade, jade jade and other jade workers. There are strict procedures in production, and officials personally supervise the jade. .
It can be said that the Qing Dynasty jade represented by "Qianlonggong" is the peak of the development of Hetian jade in China, representing the highest level of jade at that time.
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