Perhaps the translator or publisher accurately understood the author's intentions, but in any case misunderstood the title. The invention in the title is the meaning of "invention". It is different from the "fiction". It is true that the “fictional Jewish nation†is more visually impactful than the “invention of the Jewish nationâ€. However, the ear of the Chinese language unconsciously gives the “invention†a hint of “fictionâ€, perhaps reflecting the Chinese’s “inventionâ€. Natural contempt. However, it is easy to clarify that, for example, the steam engine was invented by Watt, but the steam engine is not fictional. Therefore, the invention does not correspond to fiction, and the fiction and non-fiction themes under the orthodox book industry are the fictional counterparts in English.
This translation error may not be attributed to the Chinese translation processor, but should be attributed to the author himself. Because the author Schromer Lussand has clearly stated his point: the Jewish nation does not exist. What he means is that Jews are religious, not national. We Chinese people can listen to this view without hesitation, and feel uncomfortable. Some people even have some small emotions of gloating, along the "Jewish nation is fictitious", "Western history is fictitious" This kind of thinking floats together. But this view is actually ups and downs in Israel. how to say? The change of the author's point of view into the Chinese context is equivalent to saying that the concept of the Han nationality is purely fictional. The Han Chinese's bloodlines are not pure. The Hakka people may be the purest Han Chinese. The history of the Han people is also less than that of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. Etc., etc. But the Chinese people do not seem to be as angry as the Jewian Zionists (also known as the Zionists). Sander throws such a point of view and can anger the Jewian Zionists, but throwing similar views in China can no longer anger most Chinese. Why is that?
The reason is in the title of the book. The Jews invented their country, Israel, on the Jewish nation, and China did not invent its own country on the Han nationality, but invented it on the "Chinese nation." The "national invention" discourse that Westerners are accustomed to in the academic world of the Orientals is almost blank, so that when we introduce a narrative of anti-"national inventions" such as Sander, the terminology cannot be used smoothly, and can only be borrowed. A freely interpreted lyrics to understand it! According to the narrative of "national inventions" of modern nationalism, even if a country's internal eth-nos are diverse, it can be regarded as having a common "nation" above many ethnic groups. For example, the United States has diverse ethnic groups, but the United States tends to have a "American nation." This nation is a nation in the sense of a "national state." A country is a nation in which every citizen of the country has the same nationality. And Sander’s anti-national invention narrative is to show that Israel is not a Jewish nation, and that non-Jewish citizens of Israel should also belong to Israel equally. In order to provide a basis for this belief, he uses historical knowledge to prove that Jews are not A Jewish nation. And the step of this proof is the practice of his book: to trace the history of the Jewish "national invention."
The national invention is actually a nationalist movement. Nationalism is a kind of ideological trend and movement that emerged in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century. It involves the identification of the nation and the construction of the nation-state. Before this movement, France was an absolute monarchy, Germany was a feudal duchy, and Italy was a free city. Accompanied by the nationalist movement are the French Revolution and the 1848 democratic revolution. Treating the individual as the master of the state requires autonomy, and treating the collective of oneself as a nation and demanding self-determination, both of which are logically consistent and complementary in theory and practice. Therefore, the nationalist movement in Europe is actually a democratization movement. A nation state is the state form of a democratic country. Inventing scattered citizens and ethnic groups as a nation under a national system is the true meaning of nationalism. Nationalism is the pinnacle of "identity politics."
The Jewish national invention can be seen as a passive reaction to the anti-Semitism that emerged in Eastern Europe and Central Europe. The Masonic Conspiracy Theory and the Jewish Conspiracy Theory have been circulated more or less in the Chinese circle. It was born and spread in the process of national invention in Eastern Europe in the middle and late 19th century. It first rose in Russia and later spread widely. The European anti-Semitism has great origins. At that time, the Jewish most extensive diaspora was in Eastern Europe, because it was said that there were exiled Jews who established the Kingdom of Qajar in Eastern Europe. This kingdom became rooted in Eastern Europe with the West of the Huns in the 4th century, and disappeared with the invasion of the Mongolians in the 13th century. Jewish people are always at the bottom of the chain of discrimination in establishing their own national identity among the peoples of Eastern Europe. The Jews have become the opposite of the inventions of the Eastern European nation. In the discrimination and resistance against Jews, the various ethnic groups have found one of the greatest common denominators of their own. The Jewish continually moving westward in the persecution of the mainstream ethnic groups in Eastern Europe has intensified the traditional hostility of the Jews in the German-speaking region, which eventually led to the tragedy of the Jewish massacre of the 20th century.
When all those who persecute you have their own nation-state and you do not have it, it is almost reasonable to hope that you will end your displacement by inventing the nation. The original awakened began to try to determine the political national identity of the Jews by writing the history of the Jews. They wrote by rewriting the myths of the Jewish Bible about God and its people as the history of the Jewish nation. Narrative. The representative figures are Heinrich Luggratz, who wrote The Jewish History from the Ancient Times to the Present, Simon Lubno, who wrote The Jewish World History, and the Jewish Society and The History of Religion, Salou Luit Meyer Lumbaron. They turned the Old Testament religious book into a nationalist book, which gave the Jewish Zionism a deep historical foundation. The so-called Zion is the holy city of Jewish Jerusalem. Zionism means that the Jews want to return to their homeland recorded in the Bible, so it is also called Zionism. The first Congress of Jewish Zionism was convened in 1897. Later, it was through the tragedy of the Holocrats of the Jews that the Jewish concept of the restoration of the country was widely sympathized by the international community. The Zionist founders finally won the victory. The Jewish State of Israel was founded in 1948 by the United Nations resolution.
The story of the Jews is typical of national inventions. In almost the most difficult and impossible circumstances - except for the historical legends in religious beliefs, they do not even have the land to live together - they have built their own nation-state. . However, the current Western world has entered the post-national era: Europeans persisted, and after more than half a century of efforts, they finally united themselves as a semi-uniform "EU" on a super-national state, the American Puritan Anglo - Saxon's approval is fading away in the white racist curse of the word "mouth", and the "melting pot" effect of the so-called national integration of immigrant countries in the United States has also been bleak. For nationalism, intellectuals no longer have the enthusiasm of the intellectuals who have embraced the ideals of democratic revolution in the past. On the contrary, they suddenly discovered that nationalism is a populist ignorance and barbaric root, and is the root of the overall war of the Nazism world. The author of this book, Sander, is a typical representative of such a trend of knowledge. He regards Jewish nationalism as the root of several wars in the Middle East. He regards Jewish statehood as aggression and settlement as colonization.
As a Jew, Sander is so devastating and deconstructing the Jewish nation that it is the most thorough and powerful criticism of intellectuals. His work has certainly been criticized and resisted, but Sander himself still works at Tel Aviv University, which shows that the entire Jewish nation has a very good tolerance for such an intellectual's "betrayal", and at the same time proves that The Jewish nation should have been invented successfully because the entire nation has such cultural confidence. Now we can calmly look at Sander's research and criticism.
Throughout the book, we can discover the rigor and caution of a historical scholar, as well as the necessary reserves in theory. However, his deconstructive work may not be very clever. In fact, all deconstruction work is like the hard work of termites, making everything as trivial and incomprehensible as possible, rather than making the world clear and thorough. For example, when talking about the Jewish "exile", Sander hopes to narrow down the suffering components implied in "exile", so he talks about the Jewish exile after the second temple in 70 AD. He seemed to try to restore the historical appearance like to tell readers, "the Romans never exiled all people" because "the expulsion of the people on the land, agricultural 000061, clinics shares growers and taxpayers, is not profitable for Rome of". Such a reduction can of course be said to be accurate. We can understand that any exile will not be exiled to "everyone", but in turn we have to ask, is it only to kill all the talents called genocide and expel all talents for national exile?
Sander is well prepared in the theory of national invention, but it is likely to be based on misunderstandings of predecessors. Take the theorist Benedict Luther Anderson, who he mentioned many times in the preface and the text. Anderson called the national community "the community of imagination," but this does not mean that "imagination" means " Daydreaming". As we have seen, the imaginary community, like the nation of invention, is the true construction of a political entity. Sander ignored this, and he quietly turned this spiritual invention process into a community deconstruction process from the perspective of anti-nationalism. He believes that if something proves to be invented, it is imaginary and fictional.
This just shows that the historical scholar is weak in rational speculation, but also exposes the mistakes in the basic argumentation of this book. Sander seems to think that if he clearly reveals the entire process of invention of the Jewish nation to the readers, then the essence of the Jewish nation will disappear. However, the reader can find through simple logic deduction that the Jewish nation has been proved to be inventive and does not indicate that it does not exist. On the contrary, it is precisely because this process of invention is clearly visible that it increases the historical reliability of the Jewish nation.
The result of this condolence is undoubtedly frustrating for this diligent "termite". His diligent deconstruction work actually helped people to recognize the ins and outs of a magnificent national building. The national invention materials that even a termite can not be destroyed are excellent historical materials. The construction of the Jewish nation is like rebuilding a splendid building on the ruins of a dilapidated temple, using some bricks from the site and new bricks from afar. It is a kind of “restorationâ€, but it is a kind of "create". People don't admit that this is a great building because some bricks are not from real sites. This understanding can make most of Sand's arguments invalid. What about Jews without a unified gene? What about the Jews nowadays mostly inherited from the Kingdom of Kazal in Eastern Europe? What happened to the Jews without the historical events recorded in the Old Testament since ancient times? As Anderson said, this nation is an imaginary "sovereign community" that relies on cultural traditions, ethnicity and descent in the process of invention, but it is essentially a political community. Once this kind of political identity is invented, it will not be affected by the difference in details.
However, we still have to sympathize with the author's hard work. Another clarification to be done here is that the author's research work is ostensibly similar to the Chinese “suspected ancient schoolâ€, but there is still a big difference. The "suspected ancient school" of Chinese historiography is influenced by the scientific empirical historiography. The main work is "suspecting the ancients and discriminating the pseudo" and focusing on knowledge interests; but Sander's historical writing is not focused on intellectual interest. Suspicion of ancient identification, but the use of existing materials to build a historical narrative against the Jewish nation. As he himself stated, all the literature is readily available, and he only organizes historical materials in new ways. If we face up to his theoretical intentions, we will find that his writing reflects the opposition of two political consciousness: identity politics and consensus politics.
National inventions need to be recognized, and the maintenance of nation-states requires consensus. This is probably because, within an established nation-state, ethnic diversity requires a new means to maintain it. If different ethnic groups still adopt a nationalist approach, they can only be achieved through continuous division and continuous nation-building. . Therefore, seeking consensus in diversity has become a new form of solidarity for the existing nation-state. This is the main motive of Sand's condemnation of the Jewish nation. He believes that Israel is the most dangerous place if the country of Israel continues to be considered a Jewish nation, not a country that is also a non-Jewish Israeli citizen. His concern is not unreasonable. Those who are willing to learn more about Israel and Palestine and the countries of the Middle East can make their own judgments. And my idea is that maintaining a united Israel does not require the demolition of a unified Jewish nation.
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